SPP1 and cervical squamous cell carcinoma: Additionally, we examined the protein expression of several genes (CXCL8, IDO1, STAT1, ISG15, PLSCR1, RSAD2, BIRC5, EDN2, TYMP, IL32, SPP1, CXCL12, PTGDS, SPINK5, PIK3R1, SLIT2, ESR1, and TGFBR3), revealing notable differences between normal individuals and CESC patients.