Notably, CXCL8, IDO1, STAT1, ISG15, PLSCR1, RSAD2, BIRC5, EDN2, TYMP, IL32, and SPP1 exhibited significantly higher expression in cancer tissues, whereas CXCL12, PTGDS, SPINK5, PIK3R1, SLIT2, ESR1, and TGFBR3 showed a moderate level of expression in cancer tissues. Here, SPP1 is linked to cancer.