TNF and atopic eczema: Our findings are in line with other preclinical studies beyond atopic dermatitis wherein HSP90 inhibition exerted anti-inflammatory effects by targeting several inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6) and signalling pathways (e.g. ERK1/2, p38, and JNKs) (8, 12, 14, 33).