To further validate the results of the bioinformatics analysis, we downloaded GSE41177 dataset from GEO database, which included 32 cases with AF and 6 cases with SR and verified the significant differences in the expression of HIF1AN and MPV17 between AF and SR by Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05) (Figure 7D). Here, HIF1AN is linked to atrial fibrillation.