TNF and Insulin resistance: Brain insulin resistance occurs through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, peripherally produced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin -12 (IL-12) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) can cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to neuroinflammation and central insulin resistance (10).