MUC1 and liver cancer: According to the Chinese Guidelines for Standardized Pathological Diagnosis of Primary Liver Cancer (2015 Edition) (10), DPHCC is characterized by the histopathological appearance of typical HCC, along with the expression of HCC markers (e.g., hepatocyte paraffin 1 (HepPar-1), polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (pCEA), and glypican 3 (GLY 3)) and ICC markers (e.g., cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and mucin 1 (MUC-1)), indicating dual biological behaviors of HCC and ICC.