TNF and diabetes mellitus: Previous studies have confirmed that the level of cellular inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) was increased in elderly patients with diabetes, and anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 were reduced (Gorska-Ciebiada et al., 2015; Saukkonen et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2018; Leite et al., 2021).