INS and diabetes mellitus: Aside from functional alterations, adipocytes from elderly people and mice also show increased expression of aging-related genes such as p16, p21, Gpnmb, and p53. Activation and overexpression of p53 can lead to DNA damage, downregulation of insulin signaling protein transcription, inflammatory response, and macrophage infiltration, which have been confirmed to be associated with reduced lipogenesis, IR, and the occurrence of diabetes (Vergoni et al., 2016; Lahalle et al., 2021).