Furthermore, compared with the control group, sustained expression mRNA levels of ccr2 with increased ccl2 and tnfa (typical M1 macrophagerelated pro-inflammatory cytokines), as well as quiescent il10 (typical M2 macrophage related anti-inflammatory cytokines) in the lung tissues of BI group and IPF patients (Figures 4H, S5C, and S5D). Here, TNF is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.