Recent investigations into hepatocellular carcinoma [23] have revealed that osteopontin (OPN) facilitates the M2-like polarization of macrophages and induces PD-L1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma by activating the colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1)/CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) pathway. Here, SPP1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.