ACE and diabetes mellitus: A landmark 2003 paper suggested that yearly dipstick screening for proteinuria followed by medical management utilizing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARB) for patients without hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) could cost as much as $282,000/QALY, though limiting screening to those with HTN may only cost $18,000/QALY [10].