In addition, gain-of-function experiments shows that VDR overexpression only augments the phenotypic characteristics in PDAC cells but does not appreciably shift the phenotypic characteristic to another, suggesting that VDR is not responsible for triggering the anti-tumor activity of Vitamin D. In turn, these data highlight that the Vitamin D-responsive genes play a key role in the anti-tumor activity of Vitamin D, especially when the VDR is available. Here, VDR is linked to neoplasm.