The treatment of HCC mouse tumor tissues with B. thetaiotaomicron and acetic acid resulted in upregulated expression of CD86 and NOS2, along with downregulated expression of CD163 and ARG1, as demonstrated by real-time PCR data (Figure 3e) and flow cytometry data (Figure 3f,g, Figure S3b). Here, CD163 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.