The first study that revealed the anti-inflammatory effects of annexin A5 in sepsis was in mice with endotoxemia in which treatment with recombinant human annexin A5 inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1β, and improved cardiac function and animal survival (Arnold et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity.