GBM tumor-bearing mice were treated with three weekly doses of TOFU-DC vaccines and anti-PD-1 antibody (Ab) (TOFU-DCs + PD-1) (Fig. 3a), with unloaded control DCs (or Ctl-DCs) and isotype IgG Ab as controls (treatment groups: Ctl-DCs + IgG, Ctl-DCs + PD-1, and TOFU-DCs + IgG). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and glioblastoma.