In patients with LAM, both moesin and VEGF-D levels [VEGF-D: 1191.2 (644.7–2518.5) pg/mL] were significantly higher compared to those in patients with OCLDs [moesin: (125.8 ± 59.9) pg/mL, P < 0.0001; VEGF-D: 367.5 (248.0–492.6) pg/mL, P < 0.0001] (Fig. 6A, B). Here, MSN is linked to lymphangioleiomyomatosis.