NOG and ankylosis: In humans, mutations of NOGGIN are associated with various ankylosis deformities, including proximal symphalangism (SYM1: MIM #185800), multiple synostosis syndrome (SYNS: MIM#186500), tarsal–carpal coalition syndrome (TCC; MIM#186570), and stapes ankylosis with broad thumb and toes (SABTT; MIM#184460) (Table 2).59 Noggin mutant cells from ankylosis patients outperformed healthy cohorts in osteogenic differentiation capacity due to enhanced BMP activity.255 Noggin prevents cranial suture closure by inhibiting BMP signaling during cranial bone development.