ATRX and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Candidate inputs incorporated genetic information (mutation status of TP53, ATRX, EGFR, TERT, and CIC; CNVs of EGFR, CDKN2A, PTEN, CUL2), clinical parameters (i.e., age and gender), and histological features (i.e., astrocytoma, and oligodendroglioma).