When comparing this population to its most closely related monocyte population (cluster-10), we found that the T1D over-abundant cluster had significantly higher expression of the activation marker FOSB, and functional modulators NAMPT52 and HIF1A, which is induced in inflammation, even in normoxic conditions53,54 (Supplementary Fig. 10d); DEGs between these populations are available in Supplementary Datasets 8. Here, FOSB is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.