IL18 and chronic kidney disease: Fang et al demonstrated that TMAO activated NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 inflammasomes, leading to inflammation and the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-18 in the kidneys (10); additionally, Hu et al found that decreasing TMAO production attenuated kidney injury through the inhibition of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol and microbiota depletion via antibiotic treatment in a murine CKD model (34).