AKT1 and Parkinson disease: A recent study found that the PI3K–AKT–glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) pathway is activated by the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1)–CX3CR1 axis to upregulate Nrf2 (Subbarayan et al. 2022), thereby protecting microglia proliferation from the deleterious effects of PD (Yang et al. 2022b).