PAX5 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: In addition, sequencing studies in familial and sporadic ALL patients have discovered rare pathogenic germline variants in genes encoding hematopoietic transcription factors including IKZF1, PAX5, and ETV6 (5, 92–96); however, the frequency of such rare variants in ALL predisposition genes across different racial/ethnic groups of patients, and hence their potential role in the increased risk of ALL in Hispanics/Latinos, has not been addressed.