Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) not only promote Th17 cell differentiation or polarization through the arginase-1/miR-322-5p/TGF-β pathway (129), but also via the miR-542-5p/TGF-β/Smad3 pathway (130), to accelerate systemic lupus erythematosus progression. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.