SMAD3 and Alzheimer disease: Herhaus et al. (2013) identified OTUB1 increases the protein stability of SMAD3 and promotes cell migration in skin cells induced by TGF-β. But whether this mechanism can be extended to human diseases is unknown. In addition, OTUB1 can increase Tau accumulation in Alzheimer’s diseases, which aggravates Alzheimer’s diseases (Wang et al., 2017). In Parkinson’s disease, redox stress causes the S-Nitrosylation of OTUB1, which inhibits its function (Kumari et al., 2022).