TNF and neurodegenerative disease: It is widely believed that the degeneration and death of neurons in neurodegenerative diseases are primarily influenced by the release of inflammatory factors and neurotoxic mediators, such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-33 (IL-33), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and increased ROS (Skaper et al., 2014; Kempuraj et al., 2015).