He et al. (2019) identified Gal-9 expression on NSCLC cells and TIL through immunohistochemistry. The expression of Gal-9 on tumor cells showed a significant correlation with survival, while Gal-9 expression on TILs was strongly associated with early postoperative recurrence. Blair et al. (2021) reported elevated Gal-9 expression in lung cancer compared to healthy controls, with differential expression observed at different stages of the disease among patients of different sexes and daily habits. This evidence concerns the gene LGALS9 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.