These data suggested that an earlier time point after induction of CUS (on Day 7) did not activate NLRP3 inflammasome, and was not associated with atrial fibrosis or AF inducibility, whereas the activated NLRP3 inflammasome after 4-week CUS induction was associated with the increased atrial fibrosis and susceptibility to AF. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is atrial fibrillation.