TRPV1 and osteoarthritis: We focused on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1–expressing (TRPV1-expressing) neurons (Figure 2, A–D) because they are known to transduce thermal heat, inflammatory stimuli, pain from advanced cancer, osteoarthritis, and surgical incision (19–21), a range that overlaps the nociceptive insensitivity in individuals with Dup7.