TNF and rosacea: In addition, topical ivermectin 1% treatment for 12 weeks significantly decreased Demodex density and downregulated IL-8, LL-37, TLR-4, human β-defensin 3 (HBD3), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) gene expression, implicating anti-inflammatory effects along improving clinical course of rosacea (Schaller et al., 2017b).