We further showed that whole exome sequenced liver cancer samples with deleterious somatic mutations in ERCC4 (NER), SPRTN (DPC repair) and FANCD2 (ICL repair) carry a higher burden of acetaldehyde-induced mutation signature as compared to tumors with no defects in these proteins indicating that the pathways modulating acetaldehyde-induced mutagenesis in yeast are conserved in humans. Here, SPRTN is linked to liver cancer.