NLRP3 and major depressive disorder: We also found evidence of increased expression of the NLRP3 and NLRC4inflammasomes and to a lesser extent, increased mitochondrial biogenesis in the MDD sample.Given that ER stress is known to upregulate NLRP3, NLRC4, and MFN2, it is conceivable thatER stress is the underlying cause of the intracellular changes in MDD.