INS and Insulin resistance: Both groups exhibited significantly lower homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting insulin levels compared to baseline, but the reduction was greater in the sardine diet group (mean change in fasting insulin −6.1 ± 1.8 mU/L, P=0.01; mean change in HOMA-IR −2.3 ± 0.7, P = 0.007).