However, in patients with late chronic infection and relapse of Echinococcosis, the immune-inflammatory microenvironment shows weak expression (Wu et al., 2004; Banas et al., 2007; Tian et al., 2020; Tilioua et al., 2020), and the NF- κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways have interactions and crosstalk. The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is echinococcosis.