For example, the combined regulation of BID, TNFSF10 and XAF1, or the combined regulation of CD274, FOS and KLRK1, suggest conserved filovirus-induced apoptosis/necrosis, or modulation of T/NK cell activation/recruitment, respectively, while upregulation of TNFSF13B, and IL15 with CCR5, suggest conserved host attempts to, respectively, stimulate B cell responses and activate T/NK cell recruitment to infection sites (e.g., liver) (11, 23, 53). Here, CD274 is linked to infection.