Indeed, multiple primate-specific DEGs are also involved in immune cell trafficking to lymphatics or tissue sites of infection, such as upregulated adhesion molecule genes ICAM1/VCAM1, chemokine genes CCL2/3/8/20 and CXCL2/11, scavenger receptor gene CD163, and ITGAM (also called CD11b, a classical DC marker gene), and downregulated TCR co-receptor gene CD28, Th2 chemokine receptor gene CCR3 and T cell activation marker gene CD40LG (16, 83, 89, 110, 113). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and infection.