TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: This review discusses the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in type 1 diabetes, focusing on tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1. These cytokines play a role in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and beta-cell damage. Their blockade in clinical trials has shown only modest efficacy, suggesting the need for better timing and combination therapy. The study also stresses the importance of further research to understand cytokine mechanisms better and develop effective treatments for type 1 diabetes.