TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Saljic et al. (2022), Gu and Liang, (2023), Liang et al. (2022), Ren et al. (2023), Alex et al. (2023), Dong et al. (2023). To protect the heart, the TGF-β signaling system controls apoptosis, autophagy, and antifibrotic activities (Deng et al., 2019; Shen et al., 2020a; Liang et al., 2022). Of these, the most in-depth studies have been conducted on the effects of TGF-β1 on myocardial fibrosis (Garlapati et al., 2023).