TLR4 and neoplasm: TLR4 is capable of activating the MAPK and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways, implicating the possible direct role of cell-autonomous TLR4 signaling in the regulation of carcinogenesis in particular through the increased proliferation of tumor cells, apoptosis inhibition, and metastasis [30].