TNF and neoplasm: It has been demonstrated that the TNF pathway may take part in the initiation and progression of CRC through the activation of MAPK, JNK/AP-1 and NF-κB pathways, thereby enhancing oncogene activation, promoting pro-inflammatory cytokine release, increasing colonic epithelial cell proliferation, and form a tumour-supportive Tumour Microenvironment [54].