Currently, AFP is tested both independently and in combination with other biochemical markers (PAPPA-A, beta-HCG, estriol, inhibin-A, PIGF, and sFIt-1) in early diagnoses of preeclampsia, small for gestational age (SGA), preterm birth (PTB), and premature prelabor rapture of membranes (PPROM), as well as placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) (Figure 4). Here, AFP is linked to preeclampsia.