DPP4 and chronic kidney disease: In this review, we will focus predominantly on agents that exert cardiovascular and kidney benefits in individuals with CKD and DM, i.e., SGLT2i, GLP1-RAs, and MRAs, omitting agents such as the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors whose cardiovascular and kidney safety has been demonstrated in randomized clinical trials but that are currently not indicated to reduce the high cardiovascular and kidney risk in patients with DM and CKD.