CCN2 and renal fibrosis: Previous studies in renal fibrosis models have demonstrated that renal tubular epithelial cells arrested in the G2/M phase have an increased capacity to produce profibrotic growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which aligns with the outcomes obtained in our current study of pulp [51].