TGFB1 and cancer: TGF-β can act as a potent tumor suppressor in early-stage tumors by inducing potent antiproliferative responses, cell differentiation, and apoptosis; however, in the late stage of cancer progression, TGF-β can promote many of the hallmarks of cancer like plasticity via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), evasion of the immunosuppressive environment, and induction of angiogenesis and systemic dissemination [27,33,34].