TGFB2 and anaplastic astrocytoma: Two of them combine the TGF-β2 inhibitor, AP12009, with temozolomide or PCV to treat recurrent or refractory high-grade glioma (NCT00431561 completed); the other involves temozolomide and a drug delivery system to treat recurrent or refractory anaplastic astrocytoma or secondary GBM (NCT00761280 terminated).