TGFB1 and glioblastoma: In glioblastoma cells, TGF-β1 induces the expression of PFKFB3, an enzyme that controls the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which is important for the dynamic regulation of glycolytic flux as well as the expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 [84,85]; NOX4-derived reactive oxygen species mediate TGF-β1 induction of GLUT1 expression [85,86].