TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Co-cultures of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines or patient-derived xenograft organoids with endothelial cells exhibited the upregulation of MCP-1, IL-8, and CXCL16, influencing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and angiocrine signaling, which generate an inflammatory microenvironment by recruiting immune cells [107].