TP53 and cancer: The molecular mechanisms of DOX's impact on cancer cells include intercalation into the DNA–topoisomerase II complex, which causes DNA damage, followed by p53-mediated cell cycle arrest, alterations in the redox state due to ROS accumulation and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, the dysregulation of calcium-binding proteins and channels, and increased production of interleukins and interferons facilitating the immune-driven clearance of tumor cells.