In the particular case of EoE, in vitro studies demonstrated that esophageal epithelial cells stimulated with the profibrotic cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), TGFβ, and IL1β acquired a mesenchymal phenotype to become active myofibroblasts [69]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and eosinophilic esophagitis.