In vivo studies have demonstrated the involvement of several molecules in VCO tumor growth such as Bradikinin-2 receptor, chemoatractant system SDF1/CXCR4, Wnt7, the mutated receptor of EGFR (EGFRvIII) and ephrin-B2 [42,43,44,45,46,47]. Here, CXCR4 is linked to neoplasm.