MAPK3 and Myocardial fibrosis: (Pro)renin receptor gene delivery by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into the heart led to angiotensin II-independent activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase1/2 phosphorylation (ERK1/2), expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and connective tissue growth factor genes associated with myocardial fibrosis [28].