NPM1 and leukemia: It is directly implicated in primitive hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignancies as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), since NPM1 plays a critical role in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in preserving the functional integrity of these cells in the context of competitive transplantation (HSCT) [12] and the transformation of MDS into leukemia as well as in the modulation of gene expression and signaling pathways that govern cell survival [13].