GDF15 and diabetes mellitus: However, several prognostic factors such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), tPA/PAI-1 complex, diabetes mellitus, cystatin C, and growth factor 15 (GDF-15) indicate an increased risk of unfavorable evolution in patients with HFpEF [194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205].