TRPV1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Furthermore, the induction of uncoupling protein 2 (UPC2) expression in the liver of wild-type mice through the activation of TRPV1 by dietary capsaicin has been shown to enhance hepatic β-oxidation, modulate lipid metabolism, and mitigate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by decreasing hepatic lipid accumulation [207].