GDF15 and chronic kidney disease: In a large cohort of diagnosed CKD patients, cardiac markers like N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTn I), plasma growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) were significantly linked to an increased risk of developing atherosclerotic disease and heart failure [83,84].