Since the investigation by the Mirkin group utilized DNA molecules to construct a polymeric network of nanoparticles [17], numerous studies have emerged, including the development of enzyme-responsive Apt-AuNPs for the detection of mucin 1 protein (MUC1) [18], the utilization of Apt-AuNPs in conjunction with graphene oxide for the photothermal therapy of breast cancer [19], and the design of an aptamer-functionalized AuNPs-Fe3O4-GS capture probe for monitoring circulating tumor cells in whole blood [20]. The gene discussed is MUC1; the disease is breast cancer.